Abstract Beta-lactamase resistant bacteria and especially ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae are an increasing problem worldwide. For this reason a major interest in efficient and reliable methods for rapid screening of high sample numbers is recognizable. Therefore, a multiplex real-time PCR was developed to detect the predominant class A beta-lactamase genes bla CTX-M, bla SHV, bla TEM and CIT-type AmpCs in a one-step reaction. A set of 114 Enterobacteriaceae containing previously identified resistance gene subtypes and in addition 20 undefined animal and environmental isolates were used for the validation of this assay.

To confirm the accessibility in variable settings, the real-time runs were performed analogous in two different laboratories using different real-time cyclers. The obtained results showed complete accordance between the real-time data and the predetermined genotypes. Even if sequence analyses are further necessary for a comprehensive characterization, this method was proofed to be reliable for rapid screening of high sample numbers and therefore could be an important tool for e. Epidemiological purposes or support infection control measures. Introduction In Gram-negative bacteria, the production of beta-lactamases represents the most important contributing factor to resistance against beta-lactam antibiotics. Digital Soccer Draw Crack Serial. During the last couple of years increasing numbers of antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become a problem in the field of infection control. Particularly in Enterobacteriaceae, extended-spectrum- and AmpC-type beta-lactamases play an important role –.

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Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) have the ability to hydrolyze various types of the newer beta-lactam antibiotics, including extended-spectrum cephalosporins of the 3 rd and 4 th generation (e.g. Cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime) and monobactams (e.g. Aztreonam), which were assessed as “critically important antimicrobials” by the WHO. Nowadays the predominant ESBL-gene families encountered are bla CTX-M, bla TEM and bla SHV. Until now 219 different TEM- and 186 SHV- sequences have been published within the Lahey database (; June 20 th, 2014). While the DNA sequences of bla TEM and bla SHV are very homologues and just a few point mutations at selected loci within the gene give rise to the ESBL-phenotype, the bla CTX-M genes show a bigger range of variability. So far 157 CTX-M variants have been described (; June 20 th, 2014) which can be divided into five different groups, based on their amino acid sequence identities.